4 Systems & infrastructure

Every entry filed under Systems & infrastructure and its subtopics.

161 entries

0332 Tag, push and pull images with Docker Hub and other registries How image names map to registries, how to log in, tag and push an image to Docker Hub, GitHub Container Registry or… Intermediate · Step by step · Linux, macOS, Windows Article Images & registries 15 Oct 2026
0333 Fix: permission denied while trying to connect to the Docker daemon socket Every docker command fails with permission denied on /var/run/docker.sock. The daemon is fine; your user is not allowed to use its socket.… Beginner · Fixes an error · Linux Article Docker basics · Docker fixes 15 Oct 2026
0334 Fix: port is already allocated docker run or docker compose up fails with Bind for 0.0.0.0:8080 failed: port is already allocated. Find what holds the port, another… Beginner · Fixes an error · Linux, macOS, Windows Article Docker fixes · Processes & ports 15 Oct 2026
0340 Build and run a small Python web app in a container Write a tiny Flask app, give it a Dockerfile, build the image, run it with a published port, make a change and… Beginner · Guided project · Linux, macOS, Windows Article Basics · Docker basics · Images & registries 15 Oct 2026
0341 DNS, IP addresses and ports explained for beginners An IP address says which machine, a port says which program on it, and DNS turns names into addresses. The three ideas… Beginner · Explains an idea · Linux, macOS Article DNS, IP addresses & ports 15 Oct 2026
0320 Fix: address already in use (EADDRINUSE) Something is already listening on the port your program wants. Find the process with lsof or ss, stop it or pick another… Beginner · Fixes an error · Linux, macOS Article Networking & firewalls · Node.js · Processes & ports 15 Oct 2026
0342 Which process is using a port, and how to free it Find the program behind a busy port with ss, lsof or fuser, decide whether to stop it properly or kill it, and… Beginner · Step by step · Linux, macOS Article DNS, IP addresses & ports · Networking & firewalls 15 Oct 2026
0321 Fix: E: Unable to locate package / could not get lock /var/lib/dpkg/lock Two apt errors with simple causes: Unable to locate package means the package lists are stale or the name is wrong; could… Beginner · Fixes an error · Linux Article Packages & updates 15 Oct 2026
0343 Fix: Connection refused and Connection timed out, what each one means Refused means the host answered and nothing is listening there. Timed out means no answer at all, usually a firewall or wrong… Beginner · Fixes an error · Linux, macOS Article DNS, IP addresses & ports · Firewalls 15 Oct 2026
0322 Fix: user is not in the sudoers file sudo refuses because your account is not allowed to use it. Add the user to the sudo group (Debian, Ubuntu) or wheel… Beginner · Fixes an error · Linux, macOS Article Server hardening · Users, sudo & hardening 15 Oct 2026
0323 Fix: Failed to start service, how to read systemctl status and journalctl Job for x.service failed tells you only that the service did not start. The real reason is in systemctl status and journalctl… Beginner · Fixes an error · Linux Article Logs · Services & systemd 15 Oct 2026
0325 Fix: SSL certificate problem: unable to get local issuer certificate curl, git, pip or npm cannot chain the server's certificate to a root they trust. Usual causes: a corporate proxy that re-signs… Intermediate · Fixes an error · Linux, macOS, Windows Article Common errors · Making requests · TLS & certificates 15 Oct 2026
0326 Fix: too many open files A process hit its file descriptor limit, usually 1024. Raise it for the shell, the systemd unit or the user, fix a… Intermediate · Fixes an error · Linux, macOS Article Performance & tuning · Processes & ports · Services & systemd 15 Oct 2026
0327 Docker images, containers and volumes explained An image is a read-only template, a container is a running copy of it with a thin writable layer, and a volume… Beginner · Explains an idea · Linux, macOS, Windows Article Docker basics 15 Oct 2026
0306 What is hashing? Hashing turns any data into a fixed length fingerprint that cannot be reversed, used to check files and store passwords. Beginner · Explains an idea · Any system Article Secrets & access 15 Oct 2026
0307 What is encryption? Encryption scrambles data with a key so only someone with the right key can read it again. Beginner · Explains an idea · Any system Article TLS & certificates 15 Oct 2026
0308 What is a backup snapshot? A snapshot is a frozen picture of a disk or system at one moment that you can roll back to if something… Beginner · Explains an idea · Any system Article Strategy & restore drills 15 Oct 2026
0309 What is RAID? RAID combines several disks into one so data survives a disk failure or is read and written faster. Beginner · Explains an idea · Any system Article Disks, LVM & filesystems 15 Oct 2026
0310 What is a cluster? A cluster is a group of computers working together as one system so that if one fails the others keep the service… Beginner · Explains an idea · Any system Article Clusters & high availability 15 Oct 2026
0311 What is Kubernetes? Kubernetes is a system that runs containers across many servers, restarting, scaling and connecting them automatically. Beginner · Explains an idea · Any system Article Concepts 15 Oct 2026
0312 What is a pod? A pod is the smallest unit Kubernetes runs: one or more containers that share a network address and storage. Beginner · Explains an idea · Any system Article Workloads & services 15 Oct 2026
0316 Fix: command not found bash: something: command not found means the shell could not find a program with that name in any PATH directory. The usual… Beginner · Fixes an error · Linux, macOS Article Basics · Packages & updates 15 Oct 2026
0317 Fix: Permission denied when running a script (chmod +x) bash: ./script.sh: Permission denied means the file exists but you may not execute it. Usually the execute bit is missing; sometimes the… Beginner · Fixes an error · Linux, macOS Article Basics · Users, sudo & hardening 15 Oct 2026
0291 What is a log? A log is a running record of what a program did and when, written to a file so you can look back… Beginner · Explains an idea · Any system Article Logs 15 Oct 2026
0266 What is a port? A port is a numbered door on a computer that lets one machine run many network services at the same time. Beginner · Explains an idea · Any system Article DNS, IP addresses & ports 15 Oct 2026
0268 What is a container? A container is a lightweight box that packs a program with everything it needs so it runs the same on any computer. Beginner · Explains an idea · Any system Article Docker basics 15 Oct 2026
0272 What is a virtual machine? A virtual machine is a complete computer made of software, running inside another computer with its own operating system. Beginner · Explains an idea · Any system Article Basics 15 Oct 2026
0273 What is a hypervisor? A hypervisor is the software layer that creates and runs virtual machines and shares the real hardware between them. Beginner · Explains an idea · Any system Article Basics 15 Oct 2026
0274 What is DNS? DNS is the internet's phone book: it turns names like example.com into the IP addresses computers actually use. Beginner · Explains an idea · Any system Article DNS, IP addresses & ports 15 Oct 2026
0275 What is an IP address? An IP address is the unique number that identifies a device on a network so data knows where to go. Beginner · Explains an idea · Any system Article DNS, IP addresses & ports 15 Oct 2026
0276 What is SSH? SSH is a secure way to open a command line on another computer over the network, with everything encrypted. Beginner · Explains an idea · Any system Article SSH 15 Oct 2026
0277 What is TLS? TLS is the encryption layer that puts the S in HTTPS, protecting data between your browser and a server. Beginner · Explains an idea · Any system Article TLS & certificates 15 Oct 2026
0278 What is a certificate? A certificate is a digital ID card that proves a website or server is genuine, issued by a trusted authority. Beginner · Explains an idea · Any system Article TLS & certificates 15 Oct 2026
0280 What is a firewall? A firewall is a filter that decides which network connections are allowed in or out of a computer or network. Beginner · Explains an idea · Any system Article Firewalls 15 Oct 2026
0281 What is a package manager? A package manager is a tool that installs, updates and removes software for you and keeps track of what depends on what. Beginner · Explains an idea · Any system Article Packages & updates 15 Oct 2026
0288 What is a daemon or service? A daemon or service is a program that runs in the background all the time, waiting to do its job without a… Beginner · Explains an idea · Any system Article Services & systemd 15 Oct 2026
0265 Turn a one-liner into a robust bash script: strict mode, options, logging, traps, locking and a schedule Grow a find-and-gzip one-liner step by step into a dependable bash script with strict mode, getopts, usage text, logging, error traps, dry-run,… Intermediate · Guided project · Linux, macOS Article Services & systemd · Shell scripting 15 Oct 2026
0255 Build a monitoring stack with Prometheus, node_exporter and Grafana on one Linux server Install Prometheus and node_exporter as systemd services, scrape and query host metrics with PromQL, then add Grafana with a dashboard and an… Intermediate · Guided project · Linux Article Prometheus & Grafana · Services & systemd 15 Oct 2026
0256 Manage infrastructure as code with Terraform: from first file to plans on pull requests Learn the full Terraform workflow without a cloud account: variables, a module, outputs, state, plan, apply and destroy, a backend for shared… Beginner · Guided project · Linux, macOS, Windows Article GitHub Actions · Terraform 15 Oct 2026
0247 Build a Proxmox VE home lab: from bare metal to your first restored backup Install Proxmox VE on one spare machine, switch to the free update repository, create a VM and an LXC container, then schedule… Beginner · Guided project · Linux Article Backup & restore · Installation & first steps · VMs & containers 15 Oct 2026